Understanding the Downsides of Inheriting a Timeshare

March 24, 2025

Timeshares are often marketed as affordable vacation ownership. However, what happens when they become part of an estate? Many heirs are surprised to learn that timeshares do not function like traditional real estate assets—instead of inheriting a valuable investment, they may be left with ongoing maintenance fees, restrictions on resale and unexpected legal obligations. Understanding the downsides of inheriting a timeshare can help beneficiaries decide whether to keep, sell, or disclaim the property.

The Hidden Costs of Inheriting a Timeshare

Unlike traditional real estate, timeshares come with mandatory fees and restrictions, making them a financial liability rather than a valuable inheritance.

1. Ongoing Maintenance Fees

One of the most significant downsides of inheriting a timeshare is the never-ending maintenance fees, which must be paid whether you use the property. These fees:

Increase annually, often outpacing inflation
Can amount to thousands of dollars per year
Must be paid even if the timeshare goes unused

Failure to pay can result in collections, credit damage, or even foreclosure.

2. Difficulty Selling or Transferring Ownership

Many assume they can sell an inherited timeshare. However, resale is notoriously difficult. Timeshares:

Depreciate quickly and often have little to no market value
Have limited buyer demand, even for desirable locations
May include contract clauses that restrict resale or transfer options

Some heirs spend years trying to offload an unwanted timeshare, only to realize they are stuck paying fees indefinitely.

3. Potential Legal Liabilities

If a timeshare is deeded property, heirs become legally responsible for all associated costs. This means:

The management company can take legal action to collect unpaid fees
Inheritance laws may force multiple heirs to share financial obligations
Some contracts bind heirs indefinitely, making it hard to walk away

Even if a timeshare seems appealing initially, the long-term costs and restrictions can outweigh any perceived benefits.

How to Avoid Inheriting a Timeshare

1. Disclaiming the Inheritance

Heirs are not required to accept a timeshare inheritance. If an estate includes an unwanted timeshare, beneficiaries can legally disclaim it by filing a formal refusal with the probate court before taking ownership.

However, disclaiming must be done before using the timeshare or making any payments, as this can be seen as accepting ownership.

2. Negotiating a Deed-Back with the Resort

Some resorts allow heirs to return the timeshare through a “deed-back” program. This involves:

Contacting the timeshare company to check eligibility
Submitting necessary paperwork to relinquish ownership
Paying any final fees required to exit the contract

Not all resorts offer this option; some may charge a fee for releasing ownership.

3. Seeking Legal Assistance to Exit a Timeshare

If a resort refuses to take back the timeshare, an estate planning attorney can help explore other legal options. This may include:

Reviewing the contract for loopholes
Negotiating with the management company
Exploring legal exit strategies that protect the estate from liability

Many families assume they must accept an inherited timeshare. However, it may be possible to legally remove this financial burden with the right approach.

Should You Keep an Inherited Timeshare?

While most heirs choose to avoid inheriting a timeshare, some may find value in keeping one under the right conditions. It may be worth keeping if:

The location is desirable and frequently used by family members
The maintenance fees are affordable compared to rental costs
The contract allows for flexibility in usage and resale

However, long-term costs and restrictions should be carefully evaluated before deciding. Understanding the downsides of inheriting a timeshare can help you avoid a potentially costly and difficult headache. If you would like to learn more about managing inherited property, please visit our previous posts.

Reference: Yahoo Finance (Aug. 16, 2024) “Inheriting a timeshare can be bad news. Here’s why, and how to avoid it”

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Estate Planning Can Bridge the Gap Between Generational Wealth

March 19, 2025

Building wealth is only half the battle—ensuring that it lasts for future generations requires careful estate planning and strategic wealth management. Many families fail to implement a structured plan, leading to lost assets, unnecessary taxes and family disputes. Without the proper legal and financial strategies, even substantial inheritances can be squandered within a generation. Estate planning can bridge the gap between generational wealth; ensuring that wealth is protected, distributed according to the family’s wishes, and sustained for years to come.

Why Generational Wealth Often Fails to Last

Studies show that 70% of wealthy families lose their wealth by the second generation and 90% by the third. The primary causes include:

Lack of financial literacy – Heirs often receive wealth without a plan for responsible management.
Estate tax burdens – Without proper planning, substantial portions of an estate may be lost to federal and state taxes.
Legal disputes – Poorly structured wills and trusts often lead to costly inheritance battles.
Failure to adapt to changing financial laws – Inheritance laws, tax regulations and trust structures evolve over time.

Estate planning provides legal structures and safeguards to prevent these issues and ensure that family wealth remains intact.

How Estate Planning Protects Generational Wealth

Structuring Trusts for Long-Term Asset Protection:

Trusts are among the most effective tools for protecting wealth and ensuring that assets are passed down responsibly. Unlike a will, which simply distributes assets, trusts provide ongoing management and protection.

Common trust structures include:

Revocable Living Trusts – Allow individuals to control assets during their lifetime, while avoiding probate upon death.
Irrevocable Trusts – Provide stronger asset protection and tax advantages by permanently removing assets from the grantor’s estate.
Generation-Skipping Trusts (GSTs) – Allow assets to bypass one generation, reducing estate tax liability for grandchildren.

Trusts also allow customized inheritance distribution, such as delayed payouts, financial milestones, or incentives for responsible wealth management.

Minimizing Estate Taxes and Legal Fees:

High-net-worth individuals face significant estate tax challenges if wealth is not structured correctly. An estate planning attorney helps reduce tax exposure through:

Gifting strategies – Annual tax-free gifts to heirs reduce taxable estate size.
Charitable giving – Donating assets through charitable remainder trusts or donor-advised funds offers tax deductions while benefiting causes.
Family Limited Partnerships (FLPs) – These allow wealth to be transferred gradually, minimizing tax burdens.

Without tax planning, heirs may be forced to sell assets or businesses to cover tax liabilities.

Preventing Family Disputes Over Inheritance:

Even well-meaning families can experience conflict over wealth distribution. An estate planning attorney helps prevent disputes by:

Creating straightforward wills and trust agreements that specify asset distribution.
Including business succession plans to ensure seamless leadership transitions in family businesses.
Establishing conflict resolution mechanisms like mediation clauses to settle disputes outside of court.

A structured estate plan ensures that inheritance disagreements do not escalate into costly legal battles.

Teaching Financial Responsibility to Heirs:

Wealth transfer is more effective when heirs understand how to manage their inheritance. Estate planning attorneys work with families to:

Educate younger generations on financial management and investment strategies.
Introduce heirs to financial advisors who can help them navigate wealth preservation.
Incorporate inheritance incentives that promote responsible spending and investment.

Without financial education, even a well-structured estate plan can fail to maintain generational wealth.

Estate Planning for Business Owners

Family businesses require careful succession planning to ensure stability after the founder’s passing. An estate planning attorney helps:

Identify and prepare successors for leadership transitions.
Establish buy-sell agreements to ensure smooth ownership transfers.
Structure ownership in trusts or LLCs to provide financial protection.

Companies often struggle to survive past the first generation without a business succession plan.

Secure Your Family’s Financial Legacy

Estate planning can bridge the gap between generational wealth. It will give you the confidence that your assets are preserved, managed wisely and passed down without unnecessary financial losses. if you would like to learn more about managing generational wealth, please visit our previous posts.

References: J.P. Morgan (Nov. 18, 2024) “We Need to Talk: Communicating Your Estate Plan With Your Family” and Business Insider (Feb. 9, 2025) “Inside the Retreat for Billionaire Heirs Trying to Give Away Their Money”

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Strategic Gifting can Minimize Tax Liabilities for High Net-Worth Families

March 17, 2025

High-net-worth individuals and families often hold stocks, real estate, or other assets that have significantly increased in value over time. Selling these assets outright can trigger capital gains taxes, reducing the asset’s net value. However, strategic gifting—whether to family members or charities—can minimize tax liabilities for high net-worth families, while ensuring that wealth is transferred efficiently.

By understanding gift tax rules, charitable giving strategies and estate planning considerations, individuals can preserve more of their wealth while benefiting loved ones and the causes they care about.

Why Gifting Appreciated Assets Makes Sense

Gifting highly appreciated assets offers several financial advantages:

Reduces estate size – Helps minimize estate taxes by transferring wealth while living.
Avoids or reduces capital gains taxes – Capital gains taxes may be eliminated or deferred if an asset is gifted instead of sold.
Supports charitable causes – Donating appreciated assets directly to charities maximizes deductions, while providing financial support to nonprofits.
Leverages lower tax brackets – Gifting to beneficiaries in lower income tax brackets allows them to sell the asset with reduced capital gains exposure.

Careful planning ensures that these benefits are fully realized while complying with tax laws and avoiding unintended financial consequences.

Understanding Gift Tax Rules and Exemptions

The IRS imposes gift tax rules on high-value asset transfers. However, several exemptions allow for tax-free gifting.

Annual Gift Tax Exclusion

In 2025, individuals can gift up to $19,000 per recipient per year without triggering gift tax reporting. Married couples can combine their exclusions, allowing up to $38,000 per couple annually.

Gifting within these limits enables gradual wealth transfer without reducing the federal lifetime estate and gift tax exemption, which currently stands at $13.61 million per individual (subject to legislative changes).

Lifetime Gift and Estate Tax Exemption

Gifts exceeding the annual limit count toward an individual’s lifetime exemption, reducing the amount that can be passed estate-tax-free upon death. However, gifting assets while living can significantly reduce estate tax liabilities for individuals with estates exceeding the exemption amount.

Step-Up in Basis Consideration

Gifting appreciated assets can result in capital gains tax consequences for the recipient. Unlike assets inherited at death, which receive a step-up based on fair market value, gifted assets retain the donor’s original purchase price (basis).

For example:

If a parent purchased stock at $50,000 and it is now worth $250,000, gifting it to an heir would pass on the original cost basis of $50,000.
If the recipient sells the stock, they will owe capital gains tax on the $200,000 gain.

For individuals concerned about minimizing tax burdens for heirs, gifting certain assets while retaining others for inheritance may be the most tax-efficient strategy.

Charitable Giving Strategies for Appreciated Assets

Donating Stock Instead of Cash

One of the most tax-efficient ways to support a nonprofit is by donating appreciated securities directly. Doing so:

Avoids capital gains taxes that would apply if the stock were sold before donating.
Provides a full charitable deduction for the fair market value of the asset.
Maximizes the impact of donations, as the charity receives the full value without tax deductions.

For example, donating $100,000 in appreciated stock instead of selling it and donating cash could save $20,000 or more in capital gains taxes.

Charitable Remainder Trusts (CRTs)

A Charitable Remainder Trust (CRT) allows individuals to donate highly appreciated assets, while retaining an income stream during their lifetime. This strategy:

Defers capital gains taxes, allowing the trust to reinvest the entire asset value.
Provides a charitable tax deduction based on the present value of the donation.
Supports charities, while ensuring a lifetime income stream for the donor or beneficiaries.

CRTs are ideal for those who wish to benefit from their assets while making a long-term charitable impact.

Donor-Advised Funds (DAFs)

A Donor-Advised Fund (DAF) allows individuals to contribute appreciated assets, receive an immediate tax deduction and distribute funds to charities over time. DAFs provide:

Flexibility in choosing which charities to support over multiple years.
Tax-efficient giving by allowing donations to grow tax-free before distribution.
Simplified record-keeping for those making multiple charitable contributions.

DAFs are effective for individuals who want to maximize tax savings, while maintaining control over charitable donations.

Estate Planning Considerations When Gifting Assets

Gifting appreciated assets plays a key role in estate planning, reducing taxable estate size and ensuring smooth wealth transfer. An estate planning attorney can help:

Structure gifts to minimize tax burdens for both the donor and recipient.
Determine whether assets should be gifted outright or placed in a trust for greater protection.
Balance lifetime gifting with posthumous wealth transfer strategies.

For individuals with high-value estates, integrating gifting into a broader estate plan ensures optimal tax efficiency and legacy preservation.

Optimize Your Gifting Strategy with Estate Planning

Gifting highly appreciated assets requires careful planning to balance tax efficiency, wealth preservation and charitable giving. Whether you are donating assets, transferring wealth to family, or incorporating gifting into your estate plan, strategic gifting can minimize tax liabilities for high net-worth families. If you would like to learn more about gifting, please visit our previous posts.

Reference: Charles Schwab (December 13, 2024) “Tax-Smart Ways to Gift Highly Appreciated Assets”

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What Kind of Trust Helps a Family with Young Children?

March 11, 2025

Trusts are not just for wealthy people. They are used when a family has young children and wishes to ensure that there is a plan in place to care for the children in case the parents die or become incapacitated. A recent article from Business Insider, “I asked an estate planning attorney the best way to establish a trust for my 2-year-old daughter,” explains what parents can do to protect their youngest loved ones. What kind of trust helps a family with young children?

There are a few different trusts to consider, depending on your situation:

Revocable Living Trust. The revocable trust is the most flexible. It is a separate legal entity with language directing how assets will be used for different scenarios. For instance, if someone dies or becomes disabled and their beneficiaries are all children, the trustee will manage and allocate necessary financial resources to support the children. Many estate planning attorneys consider a trust even more important than a will, since it doesn’t require the estate to be settled before trustees can access the assets.

An IRA Trust. You may want to consider creating an IRA trust if you own an IRA. This allows a minor child to be the beneficiary of the retirement account. On the death of the IRA owner, assets go into the trust, which has a trustee who manages the asset until the person comes of age or whenever the original owner wants them to receive the money.

When a regular IRA account is left to a minor, the family must petition the court to obtain a court-appointed guardian to manage the account until the minor is of legal age. With an IRA trust, you’ve clarified who the trustee should be and when the child will receive the money. If the money is not needed and can remain in the trust, it is a protected asset for their future.

A Trust for Minors. This allows you to leave assets to a child until they reach a certain age, which you articulate in the trust. You can leave all or a portion of the money to the beneficiary to be distributed when you feel they can manage it. You decide when to release the funds, who the trustee should be, the rules for how the money is to be spent and when the minor may receive income.

An Education Trust. In addition to creating a 529 College Account for a minor child, it’s a good idea to create an Education Trust to be sure the funds will be used for education. You can assign a certain amount for education and state the age you’d like the beneficiary to receive any leftover funds.

An estate planning attorney can help identify what kind of trust helps a family like yours with young children. It will give you the peace of mind knowing that you created a plan for your children or grandchildren to ensure that they have the funds they need in case of tragedy, and place guardrails on the money so it’s protected. If you would like to learn more about estate planning for young children, please visit our previous posts.

Reference: Business Insider (Jan. 31, 2025) “I asked an estate planning attorney the best way to establish a trust for my 2-year-old daughter”

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Revising Estate Planning Ensures Assets Are Protected Post-Divorce

March 5, 2025

Divorce changes not only a person’s financial and personal life but also the way their assets will be handled after death. Many people overlook the importance of updating estate planning documents after a divorce, which can result in unintended beneficiaries receiving inheritances or former spouses retaining control over critical financial and medical decisions. Revising your estate planning ensures that assets are protected and aligned with post-divorce goals.

How Divorce Affects Your Estate Plan

Divorce changes personal and financial circumstances and how assets will be distributed after death. Many forget to update their estate plans, leaving former spouses as beneficiaries or decision-makers. Without revisions, an ex-spouse could inherit assets, manage finances, or make medical decisions in an emergency.

Key documents that need immediate attention include wills, trusts, powers of attorney and beneficiary designations on life insurance and retirement accounts. Updating these ensures that assets go to intended heirs and that financial and medical decisions remain in trusted hands.

Updating Wills and Trusts

A divorce does not automatically remove an ex-spouse from an estate plan. If a will or trust still names the former spouse as a primary beneficiary or executor, they may inherit assets or retain authority over the estate. Updating key documents includes:

Revising a will to name new beneficiaries and executors
Amending or revoking any revocable trusts that include the former spouse
Reviewing state laws, some jurisdictions automatically void spousal provisions upon divorce, while others do not

Failing to update these documents may lead to unnecessary legal battles or the distribution of assets against the person’s wishes.

Changing Beneficiary Designations

Many financial assets pass directly to named beneficiaries outside of a will, making beneficiary updates essential after divorce. Documents to review include:

Life insurance policies and retirement accounts, such as 401(k)s and IRAs
Payable-on-death (POD) and transfer-on-death (TOD) accounts
Jointly held assets or real estate with right of survivorship

If an ex-spouse remains listed as a beneficiary, they may still receive these assets, regardless of the divorce decree. Updating beneficiary designations ensures that assets go to the intended individuals.

Adjusting Powers of Attorney and Healthcare Directives

Divorce often necessitates appointing new individuals to manage financial and medical decisions in case of incapacity. Changes to consider include:

Naming a new power of attorney for financial matters
Revising a healthcare proxy to designate a trusted individual for medical decisions
Ensuring that living wills and advance directives reflect current wishes

Leaving a former spouse in control of these decisions can lead to unintended complications, particularly in medical emergencies.

Secure Your Legacy with an Updated Estate Plan

Divorce requires more than financial separation—it demands a complete estate plan review to prevent unintended consequences. Revising your estate planning to reflect your current wishes is critical to protecting your assets post-divorce. If you would like to learn more about planning post-divorce, please visit our previous posts.

References: Investopedia (June 25, 2024) “Rewriting Your Will After Divorce” and Justia (September 2024) “Estate Planning After Divorce”

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The Estate of The Union Season 4|Episode 1 is out now!

March 3, 2025

The Estate of The Union Season 4|Episode 1 is out now! In this episode of the ESTATE OF THE UNION, Brad Wiewel is going to share with you how to SUPER STRETCH an IRA!

Here’s some background: Retirement accounts like IRAs, 401ks and 403bs are subject to a myriad of new rules on how fast the money needs to be distributed to a non-spouse beneficiary. While there are exceptions, for the vast majority of beneficiaries, the money must be emptied out in ten years, which means that those funds are going to be subject to taxes more quickly and now they are growing in a “taxable” environment.

Enter the Testamentary Charitable Remainder Trust (weird name, right?). As Brad describes it, this trust which can be part of a revocable living trust or a will, and it allows the ultimate beneficiaries (kids, etc.) to take the retirement account distributions over their LIFETIME (Super Stretch), not just ten years! Brad paints the BIG picture and gives enough details for it to make sense to you.

In each episode of The Estate of The Union podcast, host and lawyer Brad Wiewel will give valuable insights into the confusing world of estate planning, making an often daunting subject easier to understand. It is Estate Planning Made Simple! The Estate of The Union Season 4|Episode 1 is out now! The episode can be found on Spotify, Apple podcasts, or anywhere you get your podcasts. If you would prefer to watch the video version, please visit our YouTube page. Please click on the links to listen to or watch the new installment of The Estate of The Union podcast. We hope you enjoy it.

Texas Trust Law focuses its practice exclusively in the area of wills, probate, estate planning, asset protection, and special needs planning. Brad Wiewel is Board Certified in Estate Planning and Probate Law by the Texas Board of Legal Specialization. We provide estate planning services, asset protection planning, business planning, and retirement exit strategies.

What If a Beneficiary Dies Before Receiving an Inheritance?

February 27, 2025

Estate plans are designed to distribute assets according to the wishes of the deceased. So what if a beneficiary dies before receiving an inheritance? Complications arise when a named beneficiary dies before receiving their inheritance. Depending on the terms of the will, the existence of a contingent beneficiary and state probate laws, the inheritance may be reassigned, redirected, or absorbed back into the estate.

Factors that Determine What Happens to Inheritance

Many well-prepared estate plans account for the possibility of a beneficiary predeceasing the testator (the person creating the will). These plans typically include contingent beneficiaries, who receive the inheritance if the primary beneficiary is no longer alive.

1. Does the Will or Trust Have a Contingency Plan?

For example, if a will states:
“I leave my home to my son, John, but if he predeceases me, the home shall pass to my granddaughter, Sarah.”

In this case, Sarah, the contingent beneficiary, would inherit the home. The inheritance may follow default legal rules if no contingent beneficiary is named.

2. The Role of Anti-Lapse Laws

Many states have anti-lapse statutes that automatically redirect an inheritance to the deceased beneficiary’s descendants if no alternate beneficiary is named. These laws prevent an inheritance from becoming part of the residual estate.

For instance, if a father leaves an inheritance to his son, but the son dies before him, an anti-lapse statute may ensure the son’s children receive the inheritance instead. However, these laws typically apply only to direct family members, such as children or siblings, and may not cover more distant relatives or unrelated beneficiaries.

3. How Trusts Handle a Beneficiary’s Death

If an inheritance is placed in a trust, the trust document will govern what happens when a beneficiary dies. Many trusts name successor beneficiaries to take over the deceased beneficiary’s share.

For example, in a revocable living trust, assets may be divided among multiple children, with instructions that if one child dies, their share passes to their own children (the grantor’s grandchildren). If no successor beneficiary is named, the assets may be distributed according to the trust’s default terms or state law.

4. What Happens If No Contingent Beneficiary Exists?

If a deceased beneficiary was the sole heir and no contingent beneficiary is named, the inheritance may return to the estate’s residual beneficiaries – those who inherit any remaining assets after specific bequests are made. If no such beneficiaries exist, assets are typically distributed according to intestacy laws, which vary by state.

Under intestacy laws, assets are generally distributed to the deceased’s closest living relatives, such as spouses, children, or siblings. The estate may eventually escheat to the state if no heirs can be located.

5. Special Considerations for Spouses and Joint Ownership

Jointly Owned Property with Survivorship Rights: This property type automatically transfers to the surviving co-owner if one owner dies. This often applies to real estate, bank accounts, or investments held as joint tenants.
Community Property Laws: In certain states, these laws may influence how a deceased spouse’s assets are distributed. If the deceased beneficiary was a spouse, their estate share may follow marital property laws.

Steps Executors Should Take If a Beneficiary Dies

If a named beneficiary passes away before receiving their inheritance, the estate executor must:

Review the will or trust to determine if a contingent beneficiary is named.
Check state anti-lapse laws to see if the deceased beneficiary’s children or heirs inherit their share.
Identify residual beneficiaries if no direct heirs are listed.
Distribute the inheritance accordingly, either to another named beneficiary or through intestate succession.
Consult a probate attorney if the estate’s distribution remains unclear or disputed.

How to Prevent Issues in Your Estate Plan

To avoid complications when a beneficiary dies before receiving their inheritance, consider these estate planning best practices:

Regularly update your will or trust to reflect changes in family dynamics.
Name contingent beneficiaries for all major assets to ensure a clear inheritance path.
Use a trust to create structured distributions that automatically account for beneficiary changes.
Review state laws to understand how anti-lapse statutes and intestacy rules may impact estate distribution.

Ensuring a Smooth Transition

An estate plan should be flexible enough to adapt to life’s uncertainties, including the unexpected passing of a beneficiary. By including clear contingencies and understanding inheritance laws, you can ensure that assets pass efficiently to the intended heirs without unnecessary legal challenges. If you would like to learn more about beneficiaries, please visit our previous posts.

Reference: SmartAsset (June 21, 2023) “What Happens to an Inheritance If a Beneficiary Has Died?”

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Estate Planning for Americans Living outside the U.S.

February 24, 2025

There are many nuances to estate planning for Americans living outside of the U.S. While the current federal estate tax levels are extremely high, there are different rules in other countries, and a clear understanding is needed, as reported in the Tax Management International Journal/Bloomberg Tax article, “Americans Living Overseas Need Cross-Border Estate Planning.”

At the very least, expatriates will want to understand the federal estate tax and how it works with state-level taxes and how European taxes work, which are very different than the American model.

The current 2025 federal estate tax exemption is $13.99 million per individual, and estates below this threshold don’t pay federal taxes. The exemption will likely remain at elevated levels in the foreseeable future. Estates exceeding this level are taxed at rates up to 40%. However, most high-net-worth individuals have strategic estate planning to minimize their tax liability. Lifetime gifting, charitable donations and trusts shelter assets and pass wealth on to future generations.

Several states have their estate taxes, which are typically far lower than the federal level. Oregon, Rhode Island and Massachusetts have the lowest exclusions at $2 million or less. New York State’s estate tax exclusion is $7.16 million. However, there’s a so-called “cliff tax” if the estate value exceeds the exemption even slightly. In most states, the estate tax ranges from 0.8% to 20%. Your estate planning attorney will know what your state’s exemptions are.

Inheritance taxes are levied only by a few states, including Iowa, Nebraska, Kentucky, Maryland, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Maryland, known as a corporate haven for its low business taxes, imposes both estate and inheritance taxes. These taxes are based on the value of the inheritance and the relationship to the decedent.

In Europe, U.S. citizens are subject to more inheritance taxes, where exemptions tend to be lower, and rates are far higher than in the U.S. If you live overseas, you’ll need to consider the cost of your exposure to two tax systems. U.S. federal estate taxes apply wherever you live, in or outside of the U.S., and European inheritance taxes are based on where the decedent lived.

Estate planning for expats requires a multi-national approach. Find out if your country has a U.S. Estate and Gift Tax Treaty, which may allow credits to offset taxes paid in one country against those owned in another.

American citizens may gift up to $19,000 per person every year tax-free. Some European countries have a similar situation where lifetime gifting is based on the relationship between the grantor and the recipient.

Trusts recognized in the U.S. may not be recognized in other countries, so be sure the structure works in both the U.S. and your country of residence to avoid unexpected taxes.

The will you created in the U.S. may not be in compliance with another country and could lead to problems in estate administration.

Estate planning for Americans living outside of the U.S. can be complicated and difficult. Speak with an experienced estate planning attorney who can help you navigate the estate taxes and estate planning needs for living outside of the U.S. You’ll need to plan strategically to navigate American and your adopted nation’s estate tax structures. If you would like to learn more about planning for those outside the U.S, please visit our previous posts.

Reference: Tax Management International Journal/Bloomberg Tax (Jan. 28, 2025) “Americans Living Overseas Need Cross-Border Estate Planning”

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Post-Nuptial Agreement can help Couples avoid Conflicts

February 19, 2025

Marriage later in life—often called a “gray marriage”—is becoming increasingly common as people remarry after divorce or the loss of a spouse. While love and companionship are at the heart of these unions, financial and legal complexities should not be overlooked. A post-nuptial agreement can help couples align their financial goals, protect assets and avoid potential conflicts, ensuring long-term security for both partners.

What Is a Postnuptial Agreement?

A postnuptial agreement is a legally binding contract created between spouses after marriage (as opposed to a prenuptial agreement, which the parties create before marriage). It outlines how to handle assets, debts and financial responsibilities during the marriage and in the event of divorce or death. Unlike a prenuptial agreement signed before marriage, a post-nuptial agreement allows couples to adjust their financial arrangements as circumstances evolve.

Why Postnuptial Agreements Matter in Later Life

For couples in a gray marriage, a post-nuptial agreement can clarify financial rights, protect inheritances for children from previous relationships and establish expectations regarding healthcare and estate planning.

Protecting Retirement Assets

Many older couples enter marriage with substantial retirement savings, real estate and other financial assets. Without explicit agreements, these assets may be subject to division in the event of divorce, potentially jeopardizing retirement security. A post-nuptial agreement can specify how these funds will be managed and allocated.

Ensuring Inheritance for Children and Heirs

In second or later marriages, spouses may have children from prior relationships. A post-nuptial agreement can ensure that specific assets or family heirlooms remain designated for biological children or grandchildren rather than automatically passing them to the surviving spouse. This arrangement helps prevent inheritance disputes and aligns estate planning goals.

Managing Debt Responsibility

Later-in-life marriages often involve individuals who have accumulated debts, including mortgages, business obligations, or personal loans. A post-nuptial agreement can clarify which debts are jointly shared and which remain the responsibility of the original borrower, preventing unexpected financial burdens.

Addressing Healthcare and Long-Term Care Costs

As couples age, medical expenses and long-term care costs become increasingly relevant. A post-nuptial agreement can outline how these costs will be covered, whether through shared finances, separate assets, or long-term care insurance. It can also specify healthcare decision-making responsibilities, if one spouse becomes incapacitated.

Clarifying Financial Expectations and Support

Some spouses in gray marriages may choose to keep their finances separate, while others prefer joint accounts. A post-nuptial agreement can establish clear expectations about how expenses, investments and financial support will be handled, reducing the likelihood of misunderstandings.

How to Create a Post-Nuptial Agreement

Couples should begin by discussing their financial goals, individual assets and any concerns about estate planning or debt. It’s important to be transparent about existing financial obligations and expectations for the future.

Work with an Attorney

A post-nuptial agreement should be drafted with an experienced attorney who understands family law and estate planning. Each spouse should have their own legal counsel to ensure that the agreement is fair and enforceable.

Ensure Full Disclosure

For a post-nuptial agreement to be legally valid, both spouses must fully disclose their assets, debts and financial interests. Any attempt to hide financial information could lead to the agreement being challenged in court.

Review and Update as Needed

As financial circumstances change, reviewing and updating the agreement periodically is important. Major life events like retirement, health changes, or new financial goals may warrant revisions.

Are Post-Nuptial Agreements Legally Enforceable?

Post-nuptial agreements are legally recognized in most states. However, courts will assess them based on fairness, financial disclosure and whether both spouses entered into the agreement voluntarily. If an agreement is unfair or was signed under duress, a court may choose not to enforce it.

Strengthening a Marriage through Financial Clarity

A post-nuptial agreement is not just about protecting assets – it can also help couples avoid conflicts and strengthen a marriage by fostering open communication and reducing financial uncertainty. By addressing financial concerns proactively, couples in gray marriages can focus on building a secure and fulfilling future together. If you would like to learn more about post-nuptial agreements, please visit our previous posts.

Reference: AARP (Nov. 15, 2024) “The Marriage Agreement Every Gray Couple Should Sign (and It’s Not a Prenup)”

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Many Services a Special Needs Trust can Fund

February 17, 2025

A special needs trust (SNT) is a financial tool designed to provide for individuals with disabilities without affecting their eligibility for government benefits such as Supplemental Security Income (SSI) and Medicaid. These programs have strict asset and income limits, meaning direct financial gifts or inheritances can disqualify beneficiaries from receiving essential support. However, there are many services an special needs trust can fund. By placing funds in an SNT, families can ensure that their loved one’s financial security while maintaining access to necessary benefits.

Allowable Expenses for a Special Needs Trust

Trust distributions must follow specific rules to avoid impacting eligibility. Understanding what an SNT can and cannot pay for helps trustees manage funds appropriately and ensure that they enhance the beneficiary’s quality of life. As such, planning should use special needs trust funds to supplement government benefits, not replace them.

How to Support Housing and Living Arrangements

While an SNT can pay for housing costs such as rent or mortgage payments, doing so may reduce SSI benefits because the Social Security Administration considers it “in-kind support.”

You can avoid reducing cash benefits by paying for housing-related expenses instead. These include accessibility modifications, utilities, taxes and insurance.

Paying for Medical and Health-Related Expenses

Medicaid covers many healthcare services. However, an SNT can pay for additional medical care not covered by government programs. Some of these gaps in Medicaid that an SNT can cover include:

Out-of-pocket medical costs and copayments
Specialized therapies (occupational, speech, physical)
Dental and vision care
Alternative treatments (acupuncture, chiropractic care)
Medical devices and equipment (hearing aids, prosthetics)

Funding Personal Care and Support Services

An SNT is broadly clear to fund personal assistance that improves daily living for the beneficiary. Among the many services an special needs trust can fund, are in-home caregivers and companions, respite care, meal delivery and transportation services.

Recreation, Travel, and Social Activities

Quality of life extends beyond necessities. A special needs trust can pay for activities that promote personal enjoyment and social engagement, including:

Vacations, travel expenses and accommodations
Membership fees for gyms or clubs
Hobbies such as art, music, or sports lessons
Concert, theater and event tickets

Education and Vocational Training

Many individuals with disabilities benefit from continued education and skill development. SNT funds can cover

Tuition for private schools or specialized education programs
Job training and certification courses
Tutoring and life skills coaching
Assistive technology for learning

Transportation and Vehicle Expenses

Reliable transportation is essential for independence. SNT funds can be used to:

Purchase or modify a vehicle for accessibility
Cover gas, insurance and maintenance costs
Pay for rideshare services, taxis, or public transportation passes

Assistive Technology and Communication Devices

Technology plays a significant role in supporting individuals with disabilities. SNTs can fund:

Computers, tablets and adaptive software
Wheelchairs and mobility aids
Smart home devices for accessibility (voice-activated systems)
Cell phones and internet services

What a Special Needs Trust Cannot Pay

Some expenses can jeopardize government benefits if paid directly from an SNT, including:

Cash gifts to the beneficiary: Direct cash withdrawals may be counted as income and reduce benefits.
Groceries and food expenses: SNTs can only cover these costs in specific circumstances.
Direct rent or mortgage payments (reduces SSI benefits if improperly structured)
Basic medical care covered by Medicaid

Trustees should work with a special needs planning attorney to avoid penalties and ensure that funds are managed appropriately.

Structuring SNT Distributions Properly

Because direct payments to the beneficiary can affect government benefits, funds from an SNT should be paid directly to service providers, vendors, or businesses instead of being given in cash to the individual. For example, rather than providing the beneficiary money for a new wheelchair, the trustee should pay the wheelchair provider directly.

Why Proper Management of an SNT Matters

Managing an SNT incorrectly can lead to Medicaid disqualification, SSI benefit reductions, or unnecessary taxation. To ensure compliance, trustees should:

Keep detailed records of all trust transactions.
Consult an estate planning attorney before making large purchases.
Work with a financial advisor to maximize the trust’s longevity.

Protecting a Loved One’s Financial Future

A special needs trust is one of the most effective ways to provide long-term financial security for individuals with disabilities. There are many services an special needs trust can fund. By ensuring that funds are appropriately used and distributed wisely, families can enhance their loved one’s quality of life while safeguarding their eligibility for critical government benefits. If you would like to learn more about special needs planning, please visit our previous posts.

Reference: Special Needs Answers (Oct. 30th, 2024) “What Can My Special Needs Trust Pay for Without Affecting My Disability Benefits?”

Photo by Antoni Shkraba

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